### What is git? Git is a distributed version control system developed by Linus Torvalds back in 2005. It is a free and open source software and was initially designed to make collaboration process for linux kernel development more convenient and streamlined, but later it gained so much popularity and is now the most popular version control system. By using Git you can track changes that you made in your files and it also makes collaboration with other people painless. ### Why git and github? There are so many reasons to learn these technologies: 1. With Git every commit you make is not like saving some text in a word file rather it is saved like we have checkpoints in video games and you can go back to any point whenever you want so you don’t have to make multiple copies of your code just to make sure that if your update crashes, you can revert back. 2. Git makes it so much easy to collaborate by using the concept of branches. You can create a master branch for the project that is always bug free and deploy able and some other branches for development. Each team can work on their own separate branch, add features, merge those new features to a single branch and eventually push it to the master branch. 3. Why store all of your important code on a hard drive that can fail? By using github you can push your code to the cloud and don’t need to worry about it anymore. 4. Github is free and has a huge community of people you can make your project opensource so anyone can make a contribution and you can also make some geek friends there 🙂 5. You can make your portfolio on github and show off all of the projects that you have done. One nice way to do that is by using GitHub pages. 6. You are gonna need it anyways so better learn it now. ### Installation I will not get into the details of installation as there is already an official, quick and easy guide on how to install it on Windows, Linux or macOS. You can check it [here](https://git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Getting-Started-Installing-Git). * * * ### How to use Git? When you make any change in a file you are changing it in working area not in the actual repository so you need to add it to staging area and then to the repository in the form of a commit. Note: The terms staging area and index have same meaning and are used interchangeably. ![How git works](http://res.cloudinary.com/dkxqdjgdl/image/upload/v1690612588/how-git-works.png.png) _How Git works?_ Now you know what git is here is how you can use it to maintain your workflow in a good way. The very first step you need to do is initialize you repository. Simply create an empty folder add some files to it and open your command line in that directory. Type the following command to create an empty git repository or reinitialize the existing one. ```bash git init //initialize or reinitialize a repository ``` You can also clone an existing repository like this ```bash git clone https://github.com/mateenkiani/react-tutorials // clone a repository ``` After initialization your repository is empty and there is no file in the staging area. By executing following commands you can add files to staging area before making a commit. ```bash git add hello.py // add hello.py file to staging area git add -A // add new files, update modified files and remove deleted files from staging area git add -u // update modified files and remove deleted files from staging area ``` You can check the current status of working tree by using git status command, it will show if there are any unstaged changes. It will also show the changes that are in staging area (index) but not commited to the repository yet. ```bash git status // current status of the working tree ``` To see the all the unstaged (indexed) changes that you have made you can use git diff command, it will show all the changes since the last time you added files to staging area, you can also specify a file name to review what changes you made in a particular file. ```bash git diff // show all the unstaged changes git diff index.html // show all the unstaged changes in index.html file ``` To commit all the changes to repository you need to use git commit command. It has various options -a or –all is used to stage all the modified and deleted files to staging area but not newly created files and commit them to the repository as well. Note: you need to specify commit message with every commit by using -m option or a text editor will open asking you for commit message and if you leave it empty commit will be aborted. ```bash git commit -m "commit message here" // commit staged changes git commit -a -m "commit message here" // stage and commit changes but ignores newly created files. ``` If you want to unstage files from index (staging area) you can use git reset. It is the opposite of git add and clears all files from staging area. ```bash git reset // unstage all the files git reset file.html // unstage only file.html ``` You can also use git reset to discard last commit and revert back to the previous one like this ```bash git reset --hard HEAD~1 // discard last commit and checkout the commit done before git reset --hard HEAD~3 // discard last 3 commits and revert back to the 4th last commit ``` To remove a file from working directory as well as index you need to use git rm . This will delete file from working directory and also from index (staging area) but you need to commit to save those changes permanently. ```bash git rm index.html // delete index.html from staging area and working directory. ``` To move or rename a file you need to use git mv command. Its syntax is git mv . To rename a file use same source and destination but change the file name. Note: After mv you don’t need to re index any change. ```bash git mv index.html file.html // rename index.html to file.html git mv index.html ./src // move index.html to ./src/index.html ``` For branching you need to use git branches command. It can be used to create a branch based on another branch or a tag its syntax is as follows: ```bash git branch // create a new branch with all the contents of working directory git branch f71ac24d // create a new branch based on a commit git branch v1.2 // create a new branch from a tag git branch --track origin/ // create a new branch from remote branch git branch -d // switch to specified branch ``` Git checkout is used to switch branches and if you don’t specify a branch name it updates files in the working tree to that in the index (staging area). ```bash git checkout // updates the working directory with the files in the index. git checkout master // alternate way to switch between branches ``` To see all the commits that you have made you can use git log. ```bash git log // shows all the commits you made along with author name and time of commit ``` To update your code to a cloud storage like github you need to use git push, but before you can push you have to add a remote first with this syntax git remote add

```bash git remote add origin // add a remote named origin to a remote repository git remote -v // verify the remotes ``` After adding a remote you can push your files to the remote repository like this ```bash git push origin master // pushes to a remote master branch, where origin is name of the remote you added ``` The opposite of push is fetch and you can fetch from a repository by executing this ```bash git fetch origin master // fetch from a remote repository ``` To merge a branch with current directory use ```bash git merge // merge a branch with current directory ``` Pull is equivalent to fetch + merge you can use it to fetch the content of remote repo and merge it as well. Its syntax is git pull

```bash git pull origin master // fetch and merge from remote repository ``` If you want to switch to another branch but have some local changes that you don’t want to commit now you can save those changes by executing git stash. ```bash git stash // save all the local changes git stash pop // apply and drop all the saved changes git stash apply // only apply all the previously saved changes ``` You can use git tag to mark some points as being important. ```bash git tag // add a tag to a commit git tag // display all the tags git checkout // checkout a specific tag ``` * * * ## Git cheatsheat ```bash git init //initialize or reinitialize a repository git clone https://github.com/mateenkiani/react-tutorials // clone a repository git add hello.py // add hello.py file to staging area git add -A // add new files, update modified files and remove deleted files from staging area git add -u // update modified files and remove deleted files from staging area git status // current status of the working tree git diff // show all the unstaged changes git diff index.html // show all the unstaged changes in index.html file git commit -m "commit message here" // commit staged changes git commit -a -m "commit message here" // stage and commit changes but ignores newly created files. git reset // unstage all the files git reset file.html // unstage only file.html git reset --hard HEAD~1 // discard last commit and checkout the commit done before git reset --hard HEAD~3 // discard last 3 commits and revert back to the 4th last commit git rm index.html // delete index.html from staging area and working directory. git mv index.html file.html // rename index.html to file.html git mv index.html ./src // move index.html to ./src/index.html git branch // create a new branch with all the contents of working directory git branch f71ac24d // create a new branch based on a commit git branch v1.2 // create a new branch from a tag git branch --track origin/ // create a new branch from remote branch git branch -d // switch to specified branch git checkout // updates the working directory with the files in the index. git checkout master // alternate way to switch between branches git log // shows all the commits you made along with author name and time of commit git remote add origin // add a remote named origin to a remote repository git remote -v // verify the remotes git push origin master // pushes to a remote master branch, where origin is name of the remote you added git fetch origin master // fetch from a remote repository git merge // merge a branch with current directory git pull origin master // fetch and merge from remote repository git stash // save all the local changes git stash pop // apply and drop all the saved changes git stash apply // only apply all the previously saved changes git tag // add a tag to a commit git tag // display all the tags git checkout // checkout a specific tag ``` Like and share with friends it really helps a lot. Mention the commands that I missed in the comments below. Happy coding 😉

An essential guide on what is git and how to use git and github.